Rumba is a form of Cuban music and movement that is primarily associated with African culture but is also influenced by Antillean culture and Spanish flamenco. The genre has largely been associated with Cuba since its beginnings during the late 19th century, although its reach has extended far beyond the island.
Traditionally performed in the streets and courtyards of poor workers of African descent, the rumba is one of Cuba's most characteristic forms of music and dance. It is characterized by the improvisation of vocals, elaborate dancing, polyrhythmic rhythms, and the use of cajones as a drum until around the early 20th century when congas were used. Rumba developed in marginal areas of Cuban cities like Havana and Matanzas, near other ports and shantytowns, and especially within the community of former slaves.
As it spread from east to west around Cuba, it was used as a symbol of a marginal layer of society and a symbol of individualism, as well as a tool for social outreach, helping to benefit the communities of those who practice it enriching their lives.
In addition to verbal and non-verbal forms of communication, such as chants, handclapping, dancing, and specific body language, there are also physical forms of communication. A festive atmosphere develops where the performer and audience interaction within cultural codes. Instruments, such as percussion or utensils from home are often part of the practice.
Following the Cuban Revolution in 1959, the government made many attempts to institutionalize rumba, which resulted in two different performance styles. The first was performed outside with a group of friends and family and had no governmental involvement. The second was dedicated to tourists and performed inside a theater. The distinctive hip movements of the rumba, called Cuban Motion, are very important.
During the rumba dance, the hips and the characteristic sways are created by bending and straightening the knees. The intensity of the Rumba is increased by maintaining sharp eye contact between the male and female dancers. Also, the stillness of the upper body helps to emphasize the sensual and strong leg and foot movements. Basic movements in Rumba include “quick-quick-slow”, with distinct hip movements.
Rumbas have been passed down from generation to generation through imitation within families and neighborhoods in Cuba. They evoke a sense of elegance, sensuality, and joy that are aimed to connect people, regardless of their social and economic status, gender, or ethnicity.