In Estremoz, clay figures have been produced since the seventeenth century, and they have distinctive aesthetic features. The clay figures are dressed in traditional Alentejo attire, or in clothing from Christian icons according to specific themes. The craft is strongly tied to the Alentejo region and most of the figures depict natural elements, local trades, popular traditions, and devotions.
The first 'boniqueiras' artisans were women who made saints in their own homes for devotional purposes. They used to be carved in wood, but they cost a lot, so one day someone decided to make a saint from clay, which was available and much cheaper. Throughout its history, Estremoz became famous for the quarries and markets of its high-quality white marble, as well as for the red clay that came to make the traditional figures found in local craft shops.
The process of creating Estremoz Clay Figures involves several days of effort. The elements of the figures are assembled, and then they are fired in an electric oven. The artisan then paints them and covers them with a colorless varnish. The clay figures are usually dressed in the regional attire of Alentejo or the clothes of Christian religious iconography or in regional outfits reflecting spirit, humor, and work from the Alentejo region.
Through non-formal education workshops and pedagogical initiatives by artisans and the Centre for the Appreciation and Safeguarding of the Estremoz Clay Figure, artisans ensure the viability and recognition of their craft. Fairs are organized locally, nationally, and internationally, and knowledge and skills are transmitted to the next generation in family workshops and professional contexts, as well as through non-formal training initiatives. Schools, museums, fairs, and other events are used to promote awareness of the art form.
The art of creating clay figures is still active today. This skill is passed on from generation to generation in family workshops where tourists get to experience the whole process of handcrafting clay figures. There are over 100 different Bonecos de Estremoz registered now with a wide range of styles, including modern and traditional. They all have one thing in common, they represent the Alentejo people and their rural lifestyles.